AP Environmental Unit 5 Study Guide Essay

AP Environmental Unit 5 Study Guide Essay AP Environmental Unit 5 Study Guide Essay Study Guide Unit 5 chapters 10, 11, & 12 Chapter 10 Where were the gray wolves reintroduced? / Who supported the reintroduction? 1. Yellowstone National Park ecosystem The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) supported the reintroduction including the United States Congress. Ecological services of the forest 1. Support energy flow and chemical cycling 2. Reduce soil erosion 3. Absorb and release water 4. Purify water and air 5. Influence local and regional climate 6. Store atmospheric carbon 7. Provide numerous wildlife habitats Economic services of the forest 1. Fuel wood 2. Lumber 3. Pulp to make paper 4. Mining 5. Livestock grazing 6. Recreation 7. Jobs Most common use of trees worldwide 1. Fuel wood Types of forests / Types of tree harvesting / Effects of each 1. Three major types based on their age and structure: a. Old-growth forest: 22% An uncut or regenerated forest that has not been seriously disturbed by human activities or natural disasters for at least several hundred years. b. Second-growth forest: 63% A stand of trees resulting from natural secondary ecological succession. c. Tree plantation (Tree farm): 5% Site planted with one or only a few tree species in an even-aged stand. 2. Three types of tree harvesting: a. Selective cutting Cutting of intermediate-aged, mature, or diseased trees in an uneven-aged forest stand, either singly or in small groups. b. Clear-cutting Removal of all trees in that area c. Strip cutting Involves clear-cutting a strip of trees along the contour of the land, with the corridor narrow enough to allow natural regeneration within a few years. What is Certified Sustainably Grown Timber ensure? 1. Ensure that cutting has not exceeded long-term forest regeneration Types and effects of forest fires 1. Three types of fires a. Surface fires Usually burn undergrowth and leaf litter on the forest floor. Burn away flammable ground material and help prevent more destructive fires. Also release valuable mineral nutrients, release seeds from the cones of lodge pole pines, stimulate the germination of certain tree seed, and help control pathogens and insects. b. Crown fires May start on the ground but eventually burn whole trees and leap form treetop to treetop. c. Ground fires Go underground and burn partially decayed leaves or peat and are common in northern pear bogs. What does the burning of forests produce? 1. Burn away flammable ground material and help prevent more destructive fires. 2. Also release valuable mineral nutrients, release seeds from the cones of lodge pole pines, stimulate the germination of certain tree seed, and help control pathogens and insects What happens after the burning of tropical rainforests in the Amazon? 1. Accounts for 3/4th of Brazil’s greenhouse gas emission What is the most widely used method for sustainable management of rangeland? / What is rangeland? 1. The most widely used method is to control the number of grazing animals and the duration of their grazing in a given area so the carrying capacity of the area is not exceeded. 2. Rangeland - Unfenced grasslands in temperate and tropical climates that supply forage or vegetation for grazing and browsing animals. How many national parks worldwide? 1. More than 1,100 national parks larger than 4 square mile. What is the biggest problem facing U.S. national parks today? 1. The biggest problem facing United States national parks today is popularity. What % of Earth’s wilderness areas are strictly protected? 1. 12% of the earth’s land area is strictly protected. What % of Earth’s land should be protected in order to preserve biodiversity? 1. Conservation biologists call for a full protection of at least 20% of the earth’s land area to preserve biodiversity. Buffer zone concept to preserving land (fig. 10-25) Each reserve contains a protected inner core surrounded by two buffer zones that local

Formatting for Emphasis (From Italics to ALL-CAPS) - Get Proofed!

Formatting for Emphasis (From Italics to ALL-CAPS) - Get Proofed! Formatting for Emphasis In this post, we’ll be looking at four ways to format emphasis in Microsoft Word: italics, bold, underlining, and all-caps. We’ll also look at why you shouldn’t use quote marks for emphasis. 1. Italics In formal writing, italics are the best way to emphasize text. This includes most business writing and academic work. For example, you might find italics used in a textbook like this: That Dickens, always popularizing literary techniques. Here, italicizing â€Å"popularize† highlights the distinction between inventing something and making it popular. Italics can also be used to emphasize key parts of a quotation. If you do this, you also need to show that you’ve changed the formatting in the quoted text: This may not be a reliable interpretation The quote above uses APA rules for adding emphasis, but make sure to check your style guide for how to do this if you’re using a different referencing system. 2. Bold While bold fonts are mostly used for headings and subheadings in formal documents, they are used for emphasis online and in informal writing. This approach to emphasis is very visually striking: Bold formatting. Here, the words â€Å"strobe lighting† have been highlighted so they will stand out even for someone who is skim reading the document. 3. Underlining In the days of typewriters, which didn’t have bold or italic fonts, underlining was the standard way to emphasize text. Now that we have computers, which offer a range of formatting options, this is less common. However, you can still use underlining for emphasis if you want, especially in less formal writing. It can also be useful if you need to emphasize one or two words within a highlighted passage. For example: Underlining in action. In this case, underlining has been used to make â€Å"flying monkeys† stand out from the other bold text. 4. ALL-CAPS You can also emphasize something by capitalizing it, though this can make it SEEM LIKE YOU’RE SHOUTING. This type of emphasis is therefore best saved for when you want something to look loud. Think of all-caps as a textual loudhailer. However, all-caps should not generally be used in formal or academic writing. A Warning About Quotation Marks One common mistake is using quote marks to emphasize a word. For example, you might see a sign outside a shop that says this: Possibly sarcastic? The idea here is to stress the word â€Å"bargain.† But this isn’t correct. And since quote marks can be used to indicate irony (i.e., scare quotes), it could even seem sarcastic! This sign could therefore suggest that the products are overpriced, which is the complete opposite of the intended message. As such, you should avoid using quote marks for emphasis to ensure clarity in your written work.